Calculators and Comparators marius-ciclistu

Bike:

Bicycle Transmission

Moto:

Moto Tyre Dimensions


Moto Transmission

Auto:

Car Tyre Dimensions


Car Transmission


Car Tyre Friction Force


Car Cost / Kilometer

Universal:

Energy, Time and Power


Power, RPM and Torque


Torque, Force and Arm


Fluid Resistance



GEAR RATIO - it is the ratio between the driver shaft angular speed and the driven shaft angular speed from the gearbox. In other words the ratio between the number of teeth of the driven sprocket that is on the driven shaft in the gearbox and the number of teeth of the driver sprocket that is on the in shaft coupled to the engine with the clutch. Example: 3.17:1 which means 3.17 rotations of the motor shaft at 1 rotation of the driven shaft. In this case we input 3.17 in the calculator. You can find these ratios here.

FINAL DRIVE RATIO - has the same definition with the gear ratio with the specification that the drive it refers to is between the driven shaft and the shaft that transmits the movement to the wheels.

Pmax/RPM - indicates the maximum energy rate (power) developed by the engine and the rotation speed at which it occurs. It's measured in KW or KJ/s.
See the difference between HP & HF (Horse Force).

Tmax/RPM - indicates the maximum torque developed by the engine and the rotation speed at which it occurs. It's measured in Nm.

Weighted average power - is the division of total energy converted to force by the total time needed to accelerate on all the RPM range. It's measured in J/s.

Weighted average torque - indicates the average torque developed by the engine on all its RPM range. It's measured in Nm and is the second clearest (after Equivalent constant engine torque) characteristic of an engine (if it is mentioned alone without other information/characteristics). Details...

Equivalent constant engine torque - is the torque with which a car's engine with one gear ratio can accelerate over the same distance in the same time, providing a single value as a characteristic for that engine on all its rpm range. It's measured in Nm and is the clearest characteristic of an engine (if it is mentioned alone without other information/characteristics). Details...

Car Transmission Calculator and Comparator

Input a name for this calculation

Input your tyre size* (sizes).
Example 195/50 R15 (190/580 R15)

/  vs  /
R  vs  R

Input, in the indicated order, the gear ratios (as x.xxx) (1->5*).

1 2 3
4 5 6

Input the final drive ratio* (as x.xx).

Input Pmax/RPM*.

kW/ RPM

Input Tmax/RPM*.

Nm/ RPM

Input vehicle's total Mass*.

Kg

-- Optional data ( show / hide ) --


* required fields !



See the results


Torque [Nm], rotational speed [RPM] and work rate [J/s]


Force [N], acceleration [m/s2] and speed [km/h]


Acceleration time [s]


Distance [m] covered


Distance [m] covered depending on time [s]


Energy [J] transformed into force [N] depending on distance [m]


Efficient approach when overtaking


Dashboard and comparator

Tyre (tyres) Info
Width (mm):
  vs  

Height (mm):
  vs  

Diameter (mm):
  vs  

Circumference (mm):
  vs  

Force coefficient:
  <->  

Speed coefficient:
  <->  

Speed (km/h):
  <->  

OBSERVATIONS:
a. Changing the tyres/wheels dimensions influences only the real speed (Attention, not the one indicated by the gauge!) and the force applied at the circumference of the traction wheels:
- by lowering the diameter, the force applied at the circumference of the traction wheels will rise and the real speed will drop,
- by rising the diameter, the force applied at the circumference of the traction wheels will drop and the real speed will rise.
- this force applied at the circumference of the traction wheels is influenced also by their mass => their inertia.
b. The torque at the traction wheels changes only by changing gear, not by changing the diameter or mass of the wheels.
c. The power at the traction wheels is equal with the power at the flywheel minus the losses through friction in the transmission (in general 15% for 2wd and 25% for 4wd that includes the losses generated by the mass /inertia of the wheels). So, the power at the traction wheels does not vary by their diameter (it varies by their mass/inertia). Therefore results that for the same power at the traction wheels there are multiple values for the force (that is influenced by the wheels' mass so we are discussing about equal masses and equal distribution of the mass for different diameters) applied at their circumference and so, a different behaviour of the car.

Results


1st gear:

Speed at 4000 RPM (KM/H):
  vs  

Speed at 6414 RPM (KM/H):
  vs  

Torque at 4000 RPM at the traction wheels (Nm):
  vs  

Acceleration imposed to the vehicle at 4000 RPM (m/s2):
  vs  

Force at 4000 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

Force at 6414 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

2nd gear:

The rotation speed at which the engine resumes the traction if the previous gear is changed at 6414 RPM:
  vs  

Force at 3633.3641618497 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

Speed at 4000 RPM (KM/H):
  vs  

Speed at 6414 RPM (KM/H):
  vs  

Torque at 4000 RPM at the traction wheels (Nm):
  vs  

Acceleration imposed to the vehicle at 4000 RPM (m/s2):
  vs  

Force at 4000 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

Force at 6414 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

3rd gear:

The rotation speed at which the engine resumes the traction if the previous gear is changed at 6414 RPM:
  vs  

Force at 4188.7346938776 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

Speed at 4000 RPM (KM/H):
  vs  

Speed at 6414 RPM (KM/H):
  vs  

Torque at 4000 RPM at the traction wheels (Nm):
  vs  

Acceleration imposed to the vehicle at 4000 RPM (m/s2):
  vs  

Force at 4000 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

Force at 6414 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

4th gear:

The rotation speed at which the engine resumes the traction if the previous gear is changed at 6414 RPM:
  vs  

Force at 4910.71875 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

Speed at 4000 RPM (KM/H):
  vs  

Speed at 6414 RPM (KM/H):
  vs  

Torque at 4000 RPM at the traction wheels (Nm):
  vs  

Acceleration imposed to the vehicle at 4000 RPM (m/s2):
  vs  

Force at 4000 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

Force at 6414 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

5th gear:

The rotation speed at which the engine resumes the traction if the previous gear is changed at 6414 RPM:
  vs  

Force at 5105.0204081633 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

Speed at 4000 RPM (KM/H):
  vs  

Speed at 6414 RPM (KM/H):
  vs  

Torque at 4000 RPM at the traction wheels (Nm):
  vs  

Acceleration imposed to the vehicle at 4000 RPM (m/s2):
  vs  

Force at 4000 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

Force at 6414 RPM applied at the traction wheels' circumference (N):
  vs  

The transmission will generate the force applied to the circumference of the traction wheels / R ,
equivalent with the force generated on the circumference of the initial traction wheels 195/65 R15 by:

OBS. 1.The torque at the traction wheels doesn't change if the tyres are changed. By changing
the radius of the wheels, the only thing that changes is the force applied to the circumference of the wheels.
2.The above values don't take into account the tyres' pressure or wear, the air friction force
or other resistive forces that appear in real situations, this being theoretical values.
3.The calculated torque at the traction wheels takes no account of the transmission's losses.
4.The calculated force applied at the traction wheels' circumference refers to the sum of forces applied
at the traction wheels' circumference and takes no account of the transmission's losses
(losses that include also the masses/inertias of the wheels or the differences between
the masses/inertias of the different diameter wheels)
Ex: F=7000N; 2WD = > 3500N at each wheel's circumference.


Torque [Nm], rotational speed [RPM] and work rate [J/s]

The air drag IS taken into consideration in the actual calculation.

The start speed for this actual estimation is 12 km/h and the top speed is ~ 203 km/h.


Graph 1

The green area below the torque graph represents ROUGHLY the average power of the engine (66562.8009 J/s between 1515.85 and 6414 RPM).
It can be used to ROUGHLY calculate the average torque of the engine (129.7691 Nm between 1515.85 and 6414 RPM).

Because the speed of the RPM increase is variable, a more accurate measure is the ENGINE'S TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE TORQUE (129.3556 Nm between 1515.85 and 6414 RPM).
The ENGINE'S DISTANCE WEIGHTED AVERAGE TORQUE (129.7690 Nm between 1515.85 and 6414 RPM) transforms the same energy into force over the same distance but the time differs.
The EQUIVALENT CONSTANT ENGINE TORQUE that covers the same distance in the same time can be obtained WITHOUT air friction (Details...).
The weighted average energy rate (power) of the engine ( between 1515.85 and 6414 RPM)
can be calculated from the total energy converted to force divided by the total time needed to accelerate on all the RPM range of the torque graph.


Force [N], acceleration [m/s2] and speed [km/h]

The air drag IS taken into consideration in the actual calculation.

The start speed for this actual estimation is 12 km/h and the top speed is ~ 203 km/h.


Graph 2^^

The above graph is useful only if rotational speed values and respectively torque values of the engine from the torque chart were inputted and it refers, especially, to 195 / 65 R 15 wheels, / R wheels having displayed only the graph of total force at their circumference depending on the rotational speed of the engine, in 1st gear (for keeping the graph readable).

For a clearer view of the differences that appear when changing the wheels, print in pdf this report, then change the dimensions of the tyres in the fields from the beginning of the calculator and compare the graphs.

If the rotational speed values and respectively torque values are deduced by measuring the force at the traction wheels' circumference, in a certain gear, without adding the losses (or the power loss), the curve from the above graph that coresponds to the same gear in which the measurement was made has REAL ~ VALUES!

For maximum performance, the gold colored lines "Shift _-_" from the above graph must be ~HORIZONTAL !


Graph 3^^

The above graph is useful only if rotational speed values and respectively torque values of the engine from the torque chart were inputted and it refers only to 195 / 65 R 15 wheels.

For a clearer view of the differences that appear when changing the wheels, click on compare button, then change the dimensions of the tyres in the fields from the beginning of the calculator and compare the graphs.

This graph shows forces and accelerations generated by the engine+transmission unit at the traction wheels' circumference, without taking into account the transmission loses. If the rotational speed values and respectively torque values are deduced by measuring the force at the traction wheels' circumference, in a certain gear, without adding the losses (or the power loss), the curve from the above graph that coresponds to the same gear in which the measurement was made has ~ real values but
ATTENTION! These forces are NOT the RESULTANT FORCES that act upon the vehicle because the air friction force or other resistive forces are NOT included! The possible tyre skating is not taken into account!

For maximum performance, the gold colored lines "Shift _-_" from the above graph must NOT be visible !


Graph 3^^^ (air resistance included)

This graph appears only if values for air resistance calculation (drag coefficient, reference area and air's density) were inputted. For example, the first two can be found here.

The air resistance alters the gears' graph lines in a nonlinear whay.
It can be observed especially when the torque:RPM pairs of data points are far apart from each other.
That is why, in those cases, the fill areas in higher gears are not matching 100% with the gears' graph lines.

Use the fluid resistance calculator to see the drag force graph.

The air velocity relative to the ground is considered 0.


Acceleration time [s`]

[s`] The shifting time is NOT included.

The air drag IS taken into consideration in the actual calculation.

The start speed for this actual estimation is 12 km/h and the top speed is ~ 203 km/h.

In the actual calculation, if the total force in higher gears has negative value, then the total force used to estimate the acceleration time is 110.73 N.
That is why, in some cases, if the the gear's graph line has a small slope, the accelerating time in that gear appears to be big (incorrect).

When including the air's resistance, if the top speed would be the value at which the total force or acceleration is 0,
then the time needed for the car to reach that speed increases very much, to over tens of minutes, even hours.


Graph 4^^


The colored areas below each graph line represent the acceleration time. The time needed for shifting gears is considered to be 0.

This graph displays the inverse of acceleration that is generated by the engine+transmission depending on the speed, without taking into consideration the transmission losses.


Graph 4^^^ (air resistance included)

This graph appears only if values for air resistance calculation (drag coefficient, reference area and air's density) were inputted. For example, the first two can be found here.

Use the fluid resistance calculator to see the drag force graph.

The air velocity relative to the ground is considered 0.


Distance [m] covered

The air drag IS taken into consideration in the actual calculation.

The start speed for this actual estimation is 12 km/h and the top speed is ~ 203 km/h.


Graph 5^^


The colored areas below each graph line represent the distance covered. The time needed for shifting gears is considered to be 0.

This graph displays the speed depending on time, without taking into consideration the transmission losses.


Graph 5^^^ (air resistance included)

This graph appears only if values for air resistance calculation (drag coefficient, reference area and air's density) were inputted. For example, the first two can be found here.

Use the fluid resistance calculator to see the drag force graph.

The air velocity relative to the ground is considered 0.


Distance [m] covered depending on time [s]

The air drag IS taken into consideration in the actual calculation.

The start speed for this actual estimation is 12 km/h and the top speed is ~ 203 km/h.


Graph 6^^


The time needed for shifting gears is considered to be 0.

This graph displays the distance covered depending on time, without taking into consideration the transmission losses.


Graph 6^^^ (air resistance included)

This graph appears only if values for air resistance calculation (drag coefficient, reference area and air's density) were inputted. For example, the first two can be found here.

Use the fluid resistance calculator to see the drag force graph.

The air velocity relative to the ground is considered 0.


Energy [J] transformed into force [N] depending on distance [m]

The air drag IS taken into consideration in the actual calculation.

The start speed for this actual estimation is 12 km/h and the top speed is ~ 203 km/h.


Graph 7^^


This graph displays the energy transformed in force depending on the distance covered, without taking into consideration the transmission losses.

The energy transformed in force is calculated as the surface under the force's graph depending on distance covered.
Because the torque graph contains only 15 points, errors occur when calculating the time, distance and energy.
The total energy transformed in force between 11.55 and 216.76 km/h is equal with the difference between the kinetic energies for these two speeds: 2422.002 KJ.


Graph 7^^^ (air resistance included)

This graph appears only if values for air resistance calculation (drag coefficient, reference area and air's density) were inputted. For example, the first two can be found here.

Use the fluid resistance calculator to see the drag force graph.

The air velocity relative to the ground is considered 0.
In the case of air friction, the energy transformed into force is calculated as the area under the
force's graph (WITHOUT including air resistance) depending on distance covered (WITH air resistance included).
Because the torque graph contains only 15 points, errors occur when calculating the time, distance and energy.
The total energy transformed in force between 11.55 si 203.35 km/h is BIGGER than the difference between the kinetic energies for these two speeds: 2130.900 KJ because of the energy absorbed by the air friction: KJ.


Efficient approach when overtaking

*IF the shifting RPMs are autocompleted for MAXIMIZING THE TRANSMISSION'S PERFORMANCES and the inputed torque graph is measured with the acceleration pedal PUSHED 100%!

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